Python
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that emphasizes code readability, simplicity, and ease-of-writing with the use of significant indentation, "plain English" naming, an extensive ("batteries-included") standard library, and garbage collection. Python supports multiple programming paradigms but with an emphasis on object-oriented programming and dynamic typing. Wikipedia
Created Year: 1991Designed by: Guido van Rossum
Developed by: Guido van Rossum • Python Software Foundation
Operating systems: cross-platform
Implemented in: C • Python
Named after: Monty Python
Aliases: Python programming language, Python language, Python (language), Python computer language, Python Programming Language, Python (scripting language), Python (lang), Python (programming), Python (computer language), Python (software), Python (Programming Language), Python (computing), Python.org
File extensions: py, pyc, pyd, pyi, pyo, pyw, pyz
Wikidata: Q28865
Influenced: Apache Groovy • Boo • Chaos • ChinesePython • Cobra • CoffeeScript • Converge • Crystal • D • Dragon • eC • F# • Genie • Go • Hy • Io • JavaScript • Julia • Kotlin • Mojo • Nim • PascalABC.NET • PowerShell • PyScript • Raku • Ring • RPython • Ruby • Suneido • Swift • V • Whiley
Influenced by: ABC • APL • C • C++ • CLU • Dylan • Haskell • Icon • Java • Lisp • Modula-3 • Perl • Standard ML
Programming paradigms: object-oriented programming • dynamic programming • multi-paradigm programming • functional programming • imperative programming
Language types: scripting language • imperative programming language • functional programming language • high-level programming language • object-based language • strict programming language • interpreted language • dynamic programming language • multi-paradigm programming language • off-side rule language
Python Influence Network
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Hello World in Python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
print("Hello World")
Source: github.com/leachim6/hello-world
Free Python books, articles, documentation
- 100 Page Python Intro - Sundeep Agarwal
- 20 Python Libraries You Aren't Using (But Should) - Caleb Hattingh
- A Beginner's Python Tutorial - Wikibooks
- A Byte of Python (3.x) (HTML, PDF, EPUB, Mobi) (CC BY-SA)
- A Guide to Python's Magic Methods - Rafe Kettler
- A Practical Introduction to Python Programming - Brian Heinold (HTML, PDF, Exercises sources)
- A Whirlwind Tour of Python - Jake VanderPlas
- AIPython: Python Code for understanding AI (PDF)
- An Introduction to Statistical Learning with Applications in Python - Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, Jonathan Taylor (PDF)
- Architecture Patterns with Python - Harry J.W. Percival, Bob Gregory (HTML)
- Automate the Boring Stuff with Python, 3rd Edition: Practical Programming for Total Beginners - Al Sweigart (HTML) (CC BY-NC-SA)
- Beej's Guide to Python Programming - For Beginners - Brian "Beej Jorgensen" Hall (HTML,PDF)
- Beyond the Basic Stuff with Python - Al Sweigart (3.x)
- Biopython Tutorial and Cookbook (HTML, PDF)
- Build applications in Python the antitextbook (3.x) (HTML, PDF, EPUB, Mobi)
- Building Data Products: The Ultimate Guide (HTML, EPUB)
- Building Skills in Object-Oriented Design, V4 - Steven F. Lott (3.7)
- Building Skills in Object-Oriented Design, Release 2.2.1 - Steven F. Lott (PDF) (2.2.1) ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Building Skills in Object-Oriented Design, Release 3.1 - Steven F. Lott (PDF) (3.1) ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Building Skills in Python - Steven F. Lott (PDF) (2.6) ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Clean Architectures in Python - A practical approach to better software design (2022) - Leonardo Giordani (3.x) (PDF)
- Code Like a Pythonista: Idiomatic Python - David Goodger ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Composing Programs (3.x)
- Computational and Inferential Thinking - Ani Adhikari, John DeNero, David Wagner (HTML)
- Cracking Codes with Python - Al Sweigart (3.6)
- CS50's Introduction to Programming with Python - David J. Malan
- Data Structures and Algorithms in Python - B. R. Preiss (PDF) ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Data Structures and Information Retrieval in Python - Allen B. Downey
- Dive into Python 3 - Mark Pilgrim (3.0) (CC BY-SA)
- Dive into Python - Mark Pilgrim (2.3)
- Essential Python - Krzysztof Kowalczyk, StackOverflow Contributors
- Full Stack Python - Matt Makai
- Functional Programming in Python - David Mertz
- Fundamentals of Python Programming - Richard L. Halterman (PDF) ( :construction: in process)
- Geographic Data Science with Python - Sergio Rey, Dani Arribas-Bel, Levi John Wolf (HTML)
- Google's Python Class (2.4 - 2.x)
- Google's Python Style Guide
- Hadoop with Python - Zachary Radtka, Donald Miner
- Hands-On Natural Language Processing with Python - Rajesh Arumugam, Rajalingappaa Shanmugamani (Packt account required)
- Hands-on Python 3 Tutorial - Andrew N. Harrington (HTML)
- Hitchhiker's Guide to Python! (2.6)
- How to Code in Python 3 - Lisa Tagliaferri (PDF)
- How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, Interactive Edition - Brad Miller, David Ranum, Jeffrey Elkner, Peter Wentworth, Allen B. Downey, Chris Meyers, Dario Mitchell (3.2)
- How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python 1st Edition - Allen B. Downey, Jeff Elkner, Chris Meyers (2.4) (HTML, PDF) (GFDL)
- How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python 2nd Edition - Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey, Chris Meyers (Using Python 2.x)
- How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python 3 (AoPS Edition) - AoPS Incorporated, Peter Wentworth, Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey, Chris Meyers (HTML)
- How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python 3 (RLE) - Peter Wentworth, Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey, Chris Meyers (PDF)
- Inside The Python Virtual Machine - Obi Ike-Nwosu (HTML)
- Intermediate Python - Muhammad Yasoob Ullah Khalid (1st edition)
- Introduction to Programming with Python (3.3)
- Introduction to Programming Using Python - Cody Jackson (1st edition) (2.3)
- Introduction to Python - Kracekumar (2.7.3)
- Introduction to Python - OpenStax (PDF) (CC BY)
- Introduction to Python for Econometrics, Statistics and Numerical Analysis - Kevin Sheppard (PDF) (3.8)
- Introduction to Scientific Programming with Python - Joakim Sundnes (PDF) (CC BY)
- Invent Your Own Computer Games With Python - Al Sweigart (3.4)
- Learn Programming Logic with Games - Python & Pygame - Wilson Kawano (EPUB, PDF) (CC BY-NC-SA)
- Learn Python 3 - Ankit Mahato (PDF, HTML, Markdown)
- Learn Python, Break Python
- Learn Python in Y minutes - LearnXinYMinutes (HTML)
- Learn Python Programming, Second Edition - Fabrizio Romano (Packt account required)
- Learn Python the Right Way
- Learn Python Visually - Ivelin Demirov ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Learn Python With Jupyter - Serena Bonaretti (PDF)
- Learn to Program Using Python - Cody Jackson (PDF) ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Learning to Program
- Lectures on scientific computing with python - J.R. Johansson (2.7)
- Making Games with Python & Pygame - Al Sweigart (3.2) (CC BY-NC-SA)
- Math for programmers (using python)
- Modeling and Simulation in Python - Allen B. Downey (PDF) (CC BY-NC)
- Modeling Creativity: Case Studies in Python - Tom D. De Smedt (PDF)
- Natural Language Processing (NLP) with Python — Tutorial (PDF)
- Natural Language Processing with Python (3.x)
- Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 3 - Wikibooks (3.3)
- Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6 - Wikibooks (2.6)
- Picking a Python Version: A Manifesto - David Mertz
- Porting to Python 3: An In-Depth Guide (2.6 - 2.x & 3.1 - 3.x)
- Practical Programming in Python - Jeffrey Elkner (PDF)
- Practice Python Projects - Sundeep Agarwal
- Pro Python Advanced coding techniques and tools - Marty Alchin (PDF)
- Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures using Python - Bradley N. Miller, David L. Ranum (3.x)
- Program Arcade Games With Python And Pygame (3.3)
- Programming Basics with Python - Svetlin Nakov & Team
- Programming Computer Vision with Python (PDF)
- Programming for Non-Programmers, Release 2.6.2 - Steven F. Lott (PDF) (2.6) ( :card_file_box: archived)
- PySDR: A Guide to SDR and DSP using Python - Marc Lichtman (3.x)
- Python 101 - Michael Driscoll (HTML, TEXT)
- Python 2 Official Documentation (PDF, HTML, TEXT) (2.x)
- Python 2.7 quick reference - John W. Shipman (PDF) (2.7) ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Python 3 Official Documentation (PDF, EPUB, HTML, TEXT) (3.x)
- Python 3 Patterns, Recipes, and Idioms - Bruce Eckel & Friends
- Python 3 Tutorial
- Python Data Science Handbook - Jake VanderPlas (HTML, Jupyter Notebooks)
- Python for Astronomers - Imad Pasha, Christopher Agostino (PDF)
- Python for Data Analysis - Wes McKinney
- Python for Everybody - Charles Russell Severance (PDF, EPUB, HTML) (3.x)
- Python for Informatics: Exploring Information - Charles Russell Severance (2.7.5)
- Python for network engineers - Natasha Samoylenko
- Python for you and me (2.7.3)
- Python for you and me (3.x)
- Python Idioms (PDF)
- Python in Education - Nicholas Tollervey
- Python in Hydrology - Sat Kumar Tomer
- Python Koans (2.7 or 3.x)
- Python Machine Learning By Example - Yuxi (Hayden) Liu (Packt account required)
- Python Module of the Week (3.x)
- Python Notes for Professionals - Compiled from StackOverflow documentation (PDF)
- Python Practice Book (2.7.1)
- Python Programming - Wikibooks (2.7)
- Python Programming - Wikibooks (PDF) (2.6)
- Python Programming And Numerical Methods: A Guide For Engineers And Scientists - Qingkai Kong, Timmy Siauw, Alexandre Bayen (3.7)
- Python Programming Exercises, Gently Explained - Al Sweigart (PDF)
- Python Tutorial - Tutorials Point (HTML, PDF)
- Research Software Engineering with Python - Damien Irving, Kate Hertweck, Luke Johnston, Joel Ostblom, Charlotte Wickham, Greg Wilson (HTML)
- Scientific Visualization: Python + Matplotlib - Nicolas P. Rougier (PDF)
- Scipy Lecture Notes
- SICP in Python (3.2)
- Slither into Python: An introduction to Python for beginners (3.7) ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Software Design by Example: A Tool-Based Introduction with Python - Greg Wilson (HTML)
- Supporting Python 3: An In-Depth Guide (2.6 - 2.x & 3.1 - 3.x)
- Test-Driven Web Development with Python: Obey the Testing Goat! using Django, Selenium and JavaScript - Harry J.W. Percival (HTML) (3.3 - 3.x)
- Text Processing in Python - David Mertz (2.3 - 2.x)
- The Big Book of Small Python Projects - Al Sweigart
- The Coder's Apprentice: Learning Programming with Python 3 - Pieter Spronck (PDF) (3.x)
- The Definitive Guide to Jython, Python for the Java Platform - Josh Juneau, Jim Baker, Victor Ng, Leo Soto, Frank Wierzbicki (2.5)
- The Hitchhiker's Guide to Python: Best Practices for Development - Kenneth Reitz, Tanya Schlusser, et al
- The Little Book of Python Anti-Patterns (Source)
- The Programming Historian - William J. Turkel, Adam Crymble and Alan MacEachern
- The Python Coding Book - Stephen Gruppetta (HTML)
- The Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial
- The Python Handbook - Flavio Copes (PDF, EPUB, Kindle) (email address requested)
- The Recursive Book of Recursion - Al Sweigart (HTML) (3.x)
- The Standard Python Library - Fredrik Lundh ( :card_file_box: archived)
- Think Complexity - Allen B. Downey (2nd Edition) (PDF, HTML)
- Think DSP - Digital Signal Processing in Python - Allen B. Downey (PDF, HTML)
- Think Python 3rd Edition - Allen B. Downey (3.x) (HTML, PDF) (CC BY-NC)
- Think Python 2nd Edition - Allen B. Downey (3.x) (HTML, PDF) (CC BY-NC)
- Think Python First Edition - Allen B. Downey (2.x) (HTML, PDF) (CC BY-NC)
- Tiny Python 3.6 Notebook - Matt Harrison (3.6)
- Tiny Python Projects - Ken Youens-Clark(PDF)
- Web2py: Complete Reference Manual, 6th Edition (pre-release) (2.5 - 2.x)
Django
- All-Auth (HTML)
- AutoComplete-Light (HTML)
- Django Filters (HTML)
- Django Girls Tutorial (1.11)
- Django Official Documentation (PDF) (1.5)
- Django Official Documentation (PDF) (1.7)
- Django Official Documentation (PDF) (1.9)
- Django Official Documentation (PDF) (1.10)
- Django Official Documentation (PDF) (2.2)
- Django Official Documentation (PDF) (3.1)
- Django Official Documentation (PDF) (3.2)
- Django Official Documentation (PDF) (4.1)
- Django Official Documentation (PDF) (4.0)
- Django Rest Framework - Compiled from StackOverflow Documentation (PDF)
- Django RESTful Web Services - Gaston C. Hillar (Packt account required)
- Django Storages (HTML)
- Django Tinymce (HTML)
- Django Web Framework (Python) - MDN contributors
- Djen of Django
- Effective Django (1.5) ( :card_file_box: archived)
- How to Tango With Django (1.7)
- Social Auth App (HTML)
- Test-Driven Development With Python And Django (1.11)
FastAPI
- FastAPI — The Blue Book - Luis López (HTML)
- FastAPI Documentation - Sebastián Ramírez (HTML)
- Full Stack FastAPI and PostgreSQL - Sebastián Ramírez
- TestDriven.io FastAPI Tutorials - Michael Herman et al.
Flask
- Explore Flask - Robert Picard
- Flask Documentation - Pallets
- Python Flask Tutorial - Tutorials Point (HTML, PDF)
- The Flask Mega-Tutorial - Miguel Grinberg (0.9)
Kivy
NumPY
- From Python to NumPy - Nicolas P. Rougier (HTML) (3.6)
- Guide to NumPY 2010 - Travis E. Oliphant (PDF).
- NumPy user guide - NumPY developers (HTML).
Pandas
- Best Pandas Tutorial \| Learn with 50 Examples - Ekta Aggarwal (HTML)
- Learn Pandas - Hernan Rojas (0.18.1)
- pandas: powerful Python data analysis toolkit - Wes McKinney, the Pandas Development Team (HTML, PDF)
PyOpenCl
- Programming GPUs with Python: PyOpenCL and PyCUDA - Jan Verschelde, University of Illinois Chicago (HTML)
- PyOpenCl Documentation - Andreas Kloeckner (HTML)
Pyramid
Tornado
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Latest data update: 2026-05-23