APL is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, spreadsheets, functional programming, and computer math packages. It has also inspired several other programming languages. Wikipedia
Created Year: 1966Designed by: Kenneth E. Iverson
Developed by: IBM • Kenneth E. Iverson • Lawrence M. Breed
Aliases: APL language, A Programming Language, Array Processing Language, APL programming language, APL\360, APL (language), A programming language, APL programming language family, X3J10
Wikidata: Q296187
Influenced: BQN • DADiSP • Forth • Go • J • K • Nial • Perl Data Language • Python • Raku • Wolfram Language
Programming paradigms: array programming • functional programming • modular programming • structured programming
Language types: array programming language • functional programming language • interpreted language • modular programming language • multi-paradigm programming language • structured programming language
APL Influence Network
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Hello World in APL
⎕←'Hello World'
Free APL books, articles, documentation
- APL2 at a glance - James A. Brown, Sandra Pakin, Raymond P. Polivka - 1988 (PDF)
- Introduction to College Mathematics with A Programming Language (1978) - E. J. LeCuyer (PDF)
- Learning APL - Stefan Kruger (HTML,PDF,IPYNB)
- Mastering Dyalog APL (PDF, HTML, IPYNB) (:construction: in process)
- Reinforcement Learning From The Ground Up - Romilly Cocking (PDF, HTML, IPYNB) (:construction: in process)
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Latest data update: 2025-04-29